Ghana’s opposition has targeted the government for the way it handled the dispute, arguing it has damaged the country’s ability to attract international investment.

“Your reports have clearly shown that there is some cover-up in favour of Shaanxi by the state,” opposition MP and Lands and Forestry Committee member Alhassan Sayibu Suhiyini said last year.

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“I do not understand why the state is pussyfooting on strongly stating a position on this conflict between Shaanxi and Cassius. And that is why it is disappointing that it has been allowed to go this far to a point where a judgment debt seems to be hanging over the state.”

Cassius’ former mining manager Andrew Head, who witnessed 16 deaths at the Shaanxi site, accused the Chinese-state-linked company of deliberately gassing local small-scale miners to stop them from scraping away meagre scraps of gold to help feed their families.

“They were going out of their way to hurt, maim and kill people to stop them from stealing the gold that they were actually stealing from the Australian mine,” he said in 2022. “It was murder, pure and simple. I have no doubt in my mind that it was.”

Shaanxi’s spokesman denied these allegations.

“Somebody can say we, oh, we killed 30. Somebody can say, oh, the company killed 40. The company killed 60. The company killed 70,” he said.

“My response to that one is that it is not true. The company has never killed an individual. [It has not] consciously wanted to kill somebody. In fact, if we are killing people, people will not come and work with us.”

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Since Blood Gold was published in 2022, Ghanaian soldiers have kicked residents out of their homes to make way for the expansion of the Shaanxi site, at least another three miners have been killed and another two seriously injured.

Protests have erupted in the local community over claims of economic and environmental exploitation by the company.

“I find it deeply, deeply worrying that some of these things continue to happen at our mining sites, mostly perpetrated by foreign firms who are well aware that they would not be able to get away with some of these things in their own countries,” Suhiyini said.